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22
Unit 4
Kick off
Look at the picture. Answer the questions.
1 Which parts of the system need to stretch a bit?
2 Which parts of the system need to bend a bit?
3 Can you name any forces that act on the system?
4 Strength and stiffness
a
b
c
1 tension 2 shear 3 compression
A
B
C
Vocabulary
Forces and strain
1
Match the pictures, words, and diagrams.
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Strength and stiffness
23
In this unit
●
testing
●
the Passive
●
testing strength and stiffness
●
the Millau Viaduct
This material is bending. When the material bends,
you can measure the change. The change is called
deflection.
3
In the cable car picture on p.22, what examples of
tension, compression, shear, and bending can you see?
It’s my job
1
Before you read about Joaquin Calvo Hernandez,
answer the questions.
1 What does a test engineer do?
2 What qualities are important for materials for
aircraft?
3 Why is testing extremely important for aircraft?
2
Read and check your answers.
3
Answer the questions.
1 What field is Joaquin’s degree in?
2 Where did Joaquin do work experience?
3 What ‘extra service’ does Joaquin provide in his
office?
4 What three materials does Joaquin mention?
5 What measurement equipment does Joaquin
mention?
6 What test is done to see how a component will
perform over time?
4
Would you like to do Joaquin’s job? Why / why not?
Joaquin Calvo Hernandez
I work for a company that designs and makes test
equipment for the aircraft and car industries.We have
offices in Barcelona and Madrid. I work in the Madrid
office mainly on test equipment for a European aircraft
company. I graduated inmechanical engineering and
at the same time studied English, taking two technical
subjects in English. During my degree course, I spent
nine months in the west of England working for a
company that make machine parts. After I graduated, I
was hired by my present company and I was assigned to
the design and operation of test equipment. Engineers
from France and England often visit our offices.We
speak English together. Of course I talk with them about
my own projects, but sometimes my co-workers ask me
to talk about their projects as well. So I work informally
as a kind of translator! But I don’t mind.
Right now, I’m testing aircraft fuselage panels that
are made from the latest carbon fibre composite
materials. These materials are light, with high
strength and stiffness, but they are harder to produce
than parts made from aluminium or titanium alloys.
However, improvements in their properties and
in manufacturing methods are made all the time.
Measured loads are applied at certain points to put
stress on the component. We use different instruments
such as strain gauges, load cells, and pressure
transmitters. Sometimes we perform fatigue tests
where the load is varied many times to simulate the
number of aircraft take-offs and landings.
Aircraft components are tested thoroughly because
any failure could end in disaster. I feel happy that my
job is keeping people safe.
2
Complete the sentences using the words in
1
.
When forces are applied to a material, its shape
changes. The measure of the change in shape is called
strain. Forces on materials can be:
1
– the material is stretched and you can
measure the change in the material
2
– the material is compressed and you
can measure the change in the material
3
– the forces are not in line with each
other.
compression
tension
deflection
Aircraft fuselages are tested during design and
development and samples are taken during construction.
OEfC_Eng_SB1_SignOff.indb 23
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